x86 Architecture and Assembly Instructions

Programming Model

Memory

Registers

32-bit EFLAGS Register

32-bit EIP (Instruction Pointer Register)

AT&T Style Syntax (GNU C/C++ compiler and GAS)

• Инструкция: opcode[b+w+l] src, dest
• Регистр: %reg
• Размер операнда: [b+w+l] for byte, word, longword - 8, 16, 32 bits
• Адрес памяти: section:disp(base, index, scale) где base и index 32-битный базовый либо индексный регистр, disp - смещение, scale - одно из чисел 1, 2, 4, 8, помноженное на index для вычисления адреса операнда. -- адрес относительно сегмента , который вычисляется как : base + index*scale + disp
• Constants (immediate operands)
  • 74 - десятичные
  • 0112 - бинарные (начинается на 0)
  • 0x4A - 16-ричные (начинается на 0x)
  • 0f-395.667e-36 - floating point
  • 'J' - символ
  • "string" - строка

Operand Addressing

• Code: CS + IP (Code segment + Offset)
• Stack: SS + SP (Stack segment + Offset (stack top))
• Immediate Operand: $constant_expression
• Register Operand: %register_name
• Memory Operand: section:displacement(base, index, scale) Порядок установки секционных регистров : cs - для кода, ss - для стека, ds - для данных , es - для строк.



Base	+(	Index	*	Scale	)+	Displacement
eax ebx ecx edx esp ebp esi edi		eax ebx ecx edx ebp esi edi		1 2 3 4		Name Number

• DirectOperand: displacement (often just the symbolic name for a memory location)
• Indirect Operand: (base)
• Base+displacement: displacement(base)
  • index into an array
  • access a field of a record
• (index*scale)+displacement: displacement(,index,scale)
  • index into an array
• Base + index + displacement: displacement(base,index)
  • two dimensional array
  • one dimensional array of records
• Base+(index*scale)+ displacement: displacement(base, index,scale)
  • two dimensional array

Подпрограммы

• Функция - возвращает значение
• Процедура - ничего не возвращает

Data

Представление данных

• Bits, Bytes, Wyde, word, double word -- modulo 2^n
• Sign magnitude -- sign bit 0=+, 1=-; magnitude
• One's complement -- negative numbers are complement of positive numbers - problem: two representations for zero
• Twos complement (used by Intel) -- to negate:
  • Invert (complement)
  • add 1
• Excess 2^(n-1) (often used for exponent)
• ASCII - character data
• EBCDIC
• BCD

Data Definition Directives

• Symbolic name (variables and constants)
• Size (number of bytes)
• Initial value
• .data

• Define Byte (DB): (8-bit values) [name] DB initial value [, initial value] see key examples in text; multiple values, undefined, expression, C and Pascal strings, one or more lines of text, $ for length of string
• Define Word (DW): (16-bit words) [name] DW initial value [, initial value] see key examples in text; reversed storage format, pointers
• Define Double Word (DD): (32-bit double words) [name] DW initial value [, initial value]
• Example: p. 80
• DUP Operator: n dup( value ) see key examples in text; type checking

Constant Definitions

• .CONST
• EQU: name EQU constant expression

Data Transfer Instructions

• mov src, dest
  • src: immediate value, register, memory
  • dest: register, memory
  • except memory, memory
• xchg sd1, sd2
  • Memory, Register
  • Register, Memory
  • Register, Register
• push src
  • src: immediate, register, or memory
• pop dest
  • dest: register or memory
• pusha - save all registers on the stack
• popa- restore all registers from the stack

Arithmetic Instructions

• addsrc, dest; sublsrc, dest - src +- dest, result in dest
  • Memory, Register
  • Register, Memory
  • Register, Register
• Flags Affected by add and sub: OF (overflow), SF (sign), ZF (zero), PF (parity), CF (carry), AF (borrow)
• incdest;decl dest faster than add/subtract
  • Memory
  • Register
• Flags Affected by inc and dec: OF (overflow), SF (sign), ZF (zero), PF (parity), AF (borrow)
• adc & sbbadd with carry/subtract with borrow - used for adding numbers with more than 32-bits
• cmp src, dest computes src - dest (neither src or dest changes) but may change flags.
  • Memory, Register
  • Register, Memory
  • Register, Register
• cmpxchg src, dest - compares dest with accumulator and if equal, src is copied into destination. If not equal, destination is copied to the accumlator.
• neg dest- change sign or two's complement
  • Memory
  • Register
• Flags Affected by NEG: SF (sign), ZF (zero), PF (parity), CF (carry), AF (borrow)
• mul src -unsigned multiplication EDX:EAX = src * eax
• imul src- signed multiplication EDX:EAX = src * eax
• Flags Affected by MUL, IMUL:
  • undefined: SF, ZF, AF, PF
  • OF, CF set if upper half is nonzero, set otherwise
• div src (unsigned) src is general register or memory quotient eax = edx:eax/src; remainder edx = edx:eax mod src
• idiv src (signed) src is general register or memory quotient eax = edx:eax/src; remainder edx = edx:eax mod src
  • Flags Affected by DIV, IDIV:
    • undefined: OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF
    • Type 0 interrupt if quotient is too large for destination register.
• CBW (change byte to word) expands AL to AX - signed arithmetic
• CWD (change word to double word) expands AX to DX:AX - signed arithmetic
• BCD Arithmetic - often used in point of sale terminals
• ASCII Arithmetic - rarely used

Logic Instructions

• andl src, dest - dest = src and dest
• orl src, dest
• xorl src, dest
• notl dest - logical inversion or one's complement
• neg dest- change sign or two's complement
  • Memory
  • Register
• testl src, dest(an AND that does not change dest, only flags)

Shift and Rotate Instructions

• Logical Shift
  • shr count, dest - shift dest count bits to the right
  • shl count, dest- shift dest count bits to the left
• Arithmetic Shift(preserves sign)
  • sar count, dest - shift dest count bits to the right
  • sal count, dest- shift dest count bits to the left
• Rotate without/With carry flag
  • ror count, dest - rotate dest count bits to the right
  • rol count, dest- rotate dest count bits to the left
  • rcr count, dest - rotate dest count bits to the right
  • rcl count, dest- rotate dest count bits to the left
• test arg, arg(an AND that does not change dest, only flags)
• cmp src, dest subtract src from dest (neither src or dest changes) but may change flags.
  • Memory, Register
  • Register, Memory
  • Register, Register
  • CMP
• Flag Bit Operations
  • Complement CF: CMC
  • Clear CF, DF, and IF: CLC,CLD,CLI,
• Set CF, DF, and IF: STC, STD, STI

Control Transfer Instructions

• cmp src, dest - compute dest - src and set flags accordingly
• Jump instructions: the transfer is one-way; that is, a return address is not saved.

 NEXT:...
  ...
  jmp NEXT ;GOTO NEXT

• Loop instructions: The loop instruction decrements the ecx register then jumps to the label if the termination condition is not satisfied.
  
  movl count, %ecx
  LABLE:
  ...
  loop LABEL

• callname - call subroutine name
• ret - return from subroutine
• enter
• leave
• intn - interrupt
• into - interrupt on overflow
• iret - interrupt return
• bound - value out of range
• IF C THEN S;
• IF C THEN S1 ELSE S2;
• CASE E DO c1 : S1; c2 : S2; ... cn : Sn end;
• WHILE C DO S;
• REPEAT S UNTIL C;
• FOR I from J to K by L DO S;

String Instructions

initialize esi and edi with addresses for source and destination strings
initialize ecx with count
Set the direction flag with cld to count up, with std to cound down
prefix string-operation

• [prefix]movs - move string
• [prefix]cmps - compare string WARNING: subtraction is dest - source, the reverse of the cmp instruction
• [prefix]scas - scan string
• [prefix]lods - load string
• [prefix]stos - store string
• String instruction prefixes: The ecx register must be initialized and the DF flag in initialized to control the increment or decrement of the ecx register. Unlike the loop instruction, the test is performed before the instruction is executed.
  • rep - repeat while ecx not zero
  • repe - repeat while equal or zero (used only with cmps and scas)
  • repne - repeat while not equal or not zero (used only with cmps and scas)

Miscellaneous Instructions

• leal src, dest(load effective address -- the address of src into dest)
  • Memory, Register
• nop
• xlat/xlatb
• cpuid

Floating Point Instructions

MMX Instructions

System Instructions

• hlt
• lock
• esc
• bound
• enter leave

Interrupts

• int
• into

Memory Management Unit

• invlpg

Cache

References

• www.x86.org

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